(1)
The mirror test is a test to determine whether an animal can recognize its own
reflection in a mirror as an image of itself. (2) Gordon Gallup Jr.
accomplished a way to determine whether an animal can recognize its own reflection
or not by surreptitiously marking the animal with two odorless dye spots. (3)
The test spot is on a part of the animal that is visible in front of a mirror
and the other control spot is in an accessible but hidden part of the animal’s
body. (4) The test was developed based on observations made by Charles Darwin
to animal reactions to its reflection on the mirror. (5) Scientists then
observe whether the animal reacts in a manner consistent with being aware that
the test dye is located on its own body while ignoring the control dye not
visible in front of the mirror. (6) The animals which pass the mirror test as
being self-aware will exhibit behavior including turning and adjusting its body
in order to get a better view of the marking in the mirror, or poking at the
marking on its own body with a limb while observing it from the mirror.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 41 sampai nomor 42.
41. Which of the
following sentences is irrelevant?
(A) Sentence (1).
(B) Sentence (3).
(C) Sentence (4).
(D) Sentence (5).
(E) Sentence (6).
42. The paragraph that
follows this text most likely discusses ...
(A) animal reaction to
its reflection on the mirror.
(B) who Gordon Gallup
Jr. is.
(C) animals’ behavior
toward the dye spots.
(D) animals’ behavior
toward the control dye.
(E) animals that show
self-awareness.
Thanks
to Ataturk, the founder of the Republic, who believed in the necessity of
complete equality between women and men, all the political rights considered to
be the foundation of citizenship rights were recognized for women in Turkey in
a very short period of time. Women in Turkey (43)_____ the right to vote and be
elected in municipal elections in 1930 and in parliamentary elections in 1934.
Prior to that date, the number of countries where women had the right to vote
and be elected as members of parliament was 28 and the number of countries
where women actually were elected as members of parliament was 17. (44)_____
women obtained the right to vote in 1944 in France, in 1945 in Italy and in
1948 in Belgium, it appears that Turkey was (45)_____ compared with many
countries. A total of 18 women became members of parliament in 1935, which was
the year when women members were represented at the highest ratio in the
parliament with 4.6 percent. (46)_____ , as of 1946, when the multi-party
system was adopted, a decrease in the number of women deputies was observed.
Although the number of women taking an active role in politics has increased in
recent years, the number of women are still (47)_____ less than men. The last
general election, which took place on 18 April 1999, brought 550 deputies
elected into the Turkish parliament, 22 of which were women (4 percent).
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 43 sampai
nomor 47.
43. ....
(A) utilized
(B) performed
(C) evaded
(D) obtained
(E) expressed
44. ....
(A) If
(B) Despite
(C) While
(D) Although
(E) Since
45. ....
(A) in advance
(B) way ahead
(C) tardily
(D) prior to
(E) beforehand
46. ....
(A) While
(B) When
(C) Then
(D) As soon as
(E) Before
47. ....
(A) considered
(B) consideration
(C) considering
(D) considerable
(E) considerably
Alligators,
which often engage in violent fights over territories and mates, have made
scientists puzzled why their wounds rarely get infected. Now researchers think
the secret lies in the reptiles’ blood. Chemists in Louisiana found that blood
from the American alligator can successfully destroy 23 strains of bacteria,
including strains known to be resistant to antibiotics. In addition, the blood
was able to deplete and destroy a significant amount of HIV, the virus that
causes AIDS.
Study
co-author Lancis Darville at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge believes
that peptides – fragments of proteins – within alligator blood help the animals
stop fatal infections. Such peptides are also found in the skin of frogs and
toads, as well as komodo, dragons and crocodiles. The scientists think that
these peptides could one day lead to medicines that would provide humans with
the same antibiotic protection. ’We are in the process of separating and
identifying the specific peptides in alligator blood,’ said Darville. ’Once we
sequence these peptides, we can obtain their chemical structure to potentially
create new drugs.’
Study
co-author Mark Merchant, a biochemist at Mc Neese State University in Lake
Charles, Louisiana, was among the first to notice alligators’ unusual
resistance. He was intrigued that, despite living in swampy environments where
bacteria thrive, alligators that suffered frequent scratches and bruises rarely
developed fatal infections. Merchant therefore created human and alligator
serum-protein-rich blood plasma that has been able to remove clotting agents,
and exposed each of them to 23 strains of bacteria. Human serum destroyed only
eight of the bacterial strains while the alligator serum killed all 23. When
the alligator was exposed to HIV, the researchers found that a good amount of
the virus was destroyed.
The
study team thinks that pills and creams containing alligator peptides could be
available at level pharmacies within seven to ten years. Such products would be
a solution to patients that need extra help preventing infections, such as
diabetes patients with foot ulcers, burn victims and people suffering from
auto-immune diseases. However, there may be potential problems before
alligator-based medicines can reach drugstore shelves. For example, initial
tests have revealed that higher concentrations of the alligator serum tend to
be toxic to human cells.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 48 sampai nomor 52.
48. The paragraph that
precedes the passage might talk about ...
(A) The current
research to prevent infections.
(B) The potensial
causes of HIV in children.
(C) That use of
reptile peptides to cure infections
(D) Auto-immune
diseases in HIV patients.
(E) The reasons
alligators rarely develop fatal infections.
49. Which of the
following statements is NOT TRUE about peptides within alligators’ blood?
(A) They are fragments
of proteins.
(B) They may stop fatal
infections.
(C) They are injected
in the human body.
(D) They are within
the blood of reptiles.
(E) They have the same
function as antibiotics.
50. The word ’bruises’
in line 14 is closest in meaning to ...
(A) damages.
(B) contusion.
(C) crashes.
(D) swellings.
(E) blows.
51. The followings are
what Merchant, the biochemist, experienced EXCEPT that he ...
(A) developed two
kinds of serum, each can destroy 23 strains of bacteria.
(B) learned why
alligators can survive in bacterial environments.
(C) became interested
in alligators’ resistance to infections.
(D) created a serum
which can remove things that cause clotting.
(E) found out that
crocodiles can decrease infection caused by HIV.
52. The writer
concludes his essay by saying that ...
(A) scientists are now
searching for a medicine against HIV.
(B) alligators have
contributed a lot to stop human life.
(C) reptiles have
peptides which can be used as serum.
(D) peptides in the
blood are only found in American alligators.
(E) alligator serum
has the possibility to harm human beings.
A
kiss is a demonstration of friendship or love or a form of greeting expressed
by pressing the lips or cheek of one person to the lips, cheek, or hand of
another. In theWestern world, a kiss is used to express (54)_____ between
members of the same or different sexes and is practiced by all age groups.
While certain sexual implications are recognized by the act of kissing, in
theWest a kiss often is given ceremoniously and in public. In East Asia a
(55)_____ influence of Western mores on younger persons has been noted.
Although
a kiss generally involves the lips, in some cultures the touching of any part
of one’s face to that of another could be construed as a kiss. Eskimos touch
noses (56)_____ In southeastern India the custom is for one person to apply the
mouth and nose to the cheek of another, and then inhale. The Lapps of northern
Europe have a ritual (57)_____ the nose of one is pressed against the cheek of
another, whereupon the active partner then makes a nasal-sounding noise.
At the conclusion of
the act, the eyelids are lowered and the lips smacked.
It
is not known precisely when and where the practice of kissing first began. It
has not been found recorded in early writings about ancient Egypt. In India,
however, the practice (58)_____ as early as 1200 B.C. The early Greek historian
Herodotus revealed that among the Persians equals in rank kissed on the mouth,
whereas unequals in rank greeted each other on the cheek. Hebrew history
contains references to "Esau falling on the neck of Jacob and kissing
him".
Early
Christians saluted one another with a holy kiss. Since that time, a kiss
(59)_____ part of many Christian services. The Kiss of Peace, a gesture of
greeting exchanged between worshippers, is now part of the Roman Catholic Mass.
The Kiss of Death is a term used to designate a fatal or destructive
relationship or action. It is presumed to have originated with Judas Iscariot,
who used a kiss to identify Jesus Christ for arrest.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 53 sampai nomor 60.
53. The sentence
"However, older Chinese and Japanese still consider the act of kissing to
be intimate and reserved for moments of privacy." hould be put as ...
(A) the last sentence
of paragraph 1.
(B) the last sentence
of paragraph 2.
(C) the last sentence
of paragraph 3.
(D) the last sentence
of paragraph 4.
(E) the last sentence
of paragraph 5.
54. ....
(A) acceptable,
affectionate and love
(B) acceptable,
affective and loving
(C) acceptance,
affection and love
(D) acceptably,
affectionately and lovingly
(E) acceptance, affect
and love
55. ....
(A) grow
(B) grew
(C) grown
(D) will grow
(E) growing
56. ....
(A) a greeting as a
means of expressing
(B) expressing of as a
means a greeting
(C) of expressing a
means as a greeting
(D) as a means of
expressing a greeting
(E) a greeting as
expressing of a means
57. ....
(A) in which
(B) which
(C) whose
(D) that
(E) who
58. ....
(A) may have been
introduced
(B) would have been
introduced
(C) could be introduced
(D) may be introduced
(E) should have been
introduced
59. ....
(A) becomes
(B) became
(C) has become
(D) had become
(E) will become
60. The expression
"It is presumed to have originated with Judas Iscariot ..." in the
last sentence of paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ...
(A) It is thought that
Judas Iscariot used this term to describe this action.
(B) It is thought that
Judas Iscariot coined the term.
(C) It is believed
that the term came from Judas Iscariot betrayal of Jesus Christ.
(D) It is certain that
the term originated with Judas Iscariot.
(E) It is understood
that Judas Iscariot was the first person who used the term.
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