Some
people express their personal philosophies by tattooing themselves with phrases
like "Live Hard" or "Love Thy Neighbor." Others consider
tattoos a way of displaying their taste in art. They might tattoo a William
Blake’s etching or a Georgia O’Keeffe’s flower on some part of their bodies.
But in different cultures and eras, tattoos have also (41)_____ religious
purposes. Mexico’s Mayan people expressed their religious beliefs by tattooing
themselves with (42)_____ of jaguars, snakes, turtles, and toads. Some Native
American tribes used tattooing for (43)_____ purposes, believing that tattoos
would ward off illness. The Cree, for instance, would tattoo a cross on each
cheek to protect against toothaches, and members of the Ojibwa tribe tattooed
small circles on their temples to prevent headaches. Throughout history
tattooing has been widely used as a means of identification. Before 787 AD,
early Christians used tattoos to identify members of their faith. (44)_____,
members of the military or fraternities may have themselves tattooed to
(45)_____ show their commitment. Some cultures have tattooed prisoners, the
most sinister example being the Nazis, who tattooed numbers on the arms of
concentration camp victims during World War II.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 41 sampai nomor 45.
41. ....
(A) provided
(B) offered
(C) revealed
(D) served
(E) covered
42. ....
(A) images
(B) models
(C) portraits
(D) epitomes
(E) depictions
43. ....
(A) medicine
(B) medical
(C) medicated
(D) medication
(E) medicinal
44. ....
(A) Nevertheless
(B) Similarly
(C) In summary
(D) Therefore
(E) However
45. ....
(A) published
(B) public
(C) publish
(D) publicity
(E) publicly
Alligators,
which often engage in violent fights over territories and mates, have made
scientists puzzled why their wounds rarely get infected. Now researchers think
the secret lies in the reptiles’ blood. Chemists in Louisiana found that blood
from the American alligator can successfully destroy 23 strains of bacteria,
including strains known to be esistant to antibiotics. In addition, the blood
was able to deplete and destroy a significant amount of HIV, the virus that
causes AIDS.
Study
co-author Lancis Darville at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge believes
that peptides – fragments of proteins – within alligator blood help the animals
stop fatal infections. Such peptides are also found in the skin of frogs and
toads, as well as komodo, dragons and crocodiles. The scientists think that
these peptides could one day lead to edicines that would provide humans with
the same antibiotic protection. ’We are in the process of separating and
identifying the specific peptides in alligator blood,’ said Darville. ’Once we
sequence these peptides, we can obtain their chemical structure to potentially
create new drugs.’
Study
co-author Mark Merchant, a biochemist at Mc Neese State University in Lake
Charles, Louisiana, was among the first to notice alligators’ unusual
resistance. He was intrigued that, despite living in swampy environments where
bacteria thrive, alligators that suffered frequent scratches and bruises rarely
developed fatal infections. Merchant therefore created human and alligator
serum-protein-rich blood plasma that has been able to remove clotting agents,
and exposed each of them to 23 strains of bacteria. Human serum destroyed only
eight of the bacterial strains while the alligator serum killed all 23. When
the alligator was exposed to HIV, the researchers found that a good amount of
the virus was destroyed.
The
study team thinks that pills and creams containing alligator peptides could be
available at level pharmacies within seven to ten years. Such products would be
a solution to patients that need extra help preventing infections, such as
diabetes patients with foot ulcers, burn victims and people suffering from
auto-immune diseases. However, there may be potential problems before
alligator-based medicines can reach drugstore shelves. For example, initial
tests have revealed that higher concentrations of the alligator serum tend to
be toxic to human cells.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 46 sampai nomor 50.
46. The tone of this
passage is ...
(A) discouraging.
(B) touching.
(C) positive.
(D) concerned.
(E) alarming.
47. Which of the
following statements is NOT TRUE about peptides within alligators’ blood?
(A) They are fragments
of proteins.
(B) They may stop
fatal infections.
(C) They are injected
in the human body.
(D) They are within
the blood of reptiles.
(E) They have the same
function as antibiotics.
48. The followings are
what Merchant, the biochemist, experienced EXCEPT that he ...
(A) developed two
kinds of serum, each can destroy 23 strains of bacteria.
(B) learned why
alligators can survive in bacterial environments.
(C) became interested
in alligators’ resistance to infections.
(D) created a serum
which can remove things that cause clotting.
(E) found out that
crocodiles can decrease infection caused by HIV.
49. The word
’revealed’ in line 23 is closest in meaning to ...
(A) told.
(B) concealed.
(C) exposed.
(D) disclosed.
(E) released.
50. The writer
concludes his essay by saying that ...
(A) scientists are now
searching for a medicine against HIV.
(B) alligators have contributed
a lot to stop human life.
(C) reptiles have
peptides which can be used as serum.
(D) peptides in the
blood are only found in American alligators.
(E) alligator serum
has the possibility to harm human beings.
Two
French researchers have recently proposed the first ever model explaining how
the great majority of regular satellites in our solar system were formed out of
planet rings. The model, the only one of its kind, (52)_____ in 2010 on
Saturn’s moons. It seems to account for the present distribution of
"giant" planets and also explains how the satellites of the
"terrestrial" planets such as Earth or Pluto came into being. These
results are a major step forward in understanding and (53)_____ the formation
of planet systems across the universe.
There
is a (54)_____, such as Jupiter and Saturn, and the terrestrial plants, such as
Earth or Pluto. Whereas the giants are surrounded by rings and a myriad of
small natural satellites, the terrestrial planets have few moons, or just one,
and no rings. Until now, two models (55)_____ to explain the presence of
regular satellites in our solar system. These indicate that the satellites of
the terrestrial planets like Earth or Pluto were formed following a giant
collision. They also indicate that the satellites of the giant planets were
formed in a nebula (56)_____ the planet. They do not, however, account for the
specific distribution and chemical composition of the satellites orbiting the
giant planets.
In
2010 and 2011, a French research team developed a new model to describe how
Saturn’s moons came into being based on numerical simulations and Cassini probe
data. The researchers discovered that Saturn’s rings, (57)_____ are very thin
disks made up of small blocks of ice surrounding the planet, in turn gave birth
to ice satellites. This is due to the fact that the rings spread over time and,
when they reach a certain distance from the planet (known as the Roche limit or
Roche radius), (58)_____ ends agglomerate and form small bodies that break off
and move away. This is how rings give birth to satellites orbiting the planet.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 51 sampai nomor 58.
51. This sentence
"Another theory, therefore, seemed necessary." should be put as ...
(A) the last sentence
of paragraph 1.
(B) the first sentence
of paragraph 2.
(C) the last sentence
of paragraph 2.
(D) the first sentence
of paragraph 3.
(E) the last sentence
of paragraph 3.
52. ....
(A) first tested
(B) to first test
(C) first testing
(D) was first tested
(E) had first tested
53. ....
(A) explain
(B) explains
(C) explained
(D) to explain
(E) explaining
54. ....
(A) fundamental
difference between giant planet systems
(B) difference between
giant planet fundamental systems
(C) giant fundamental
system between different planets
(D) planet system
difference between giant fundamental difference
(E) giant planet
difference between fundamental systems
55. ....
(A) have been commonly
used
(B) had been commonly
used
(C) will be commonly
used
(D) were commonly used
(E) are commonly used
56. ....
(A) surrounding
(B) surrounded
(C) will surround
(D) which surround
(E) which surrounded
57. ....
(A) that
(B) which
(C) who
(D) when
(E) where
58. ....
(A) it
(B) its
(C) it’s
(D) they
(E) their
(1)
The factor that determines whether ozone is good or bad is its location. (2)
Ozone is "good" when it is in the stratosphere. (3) The stratosphere
is a layer of the atmosphere starting at the level of about 6 miles (about 10
kilometers) above sea level. (4) The stratosphere naturally contains about six
parts per million of ozone. (5) This ozone is very beneficial because it
absorbs UV radiation and prevents it from reaching us. (6) When it is at ground
level, in contrast, ozone is "bad". (7) Ozone is a very reactive gas
that is hard on lung tissue. (8) It also damages plants and buildings. (9) Any
ozone at ground level is a problem. (10) Unfortunately, chemicals in car
exhaust and chemicals produced by some industries react with light to produce
lots of ozone at ground level. (11) In cities, the ozone level can rise to a
point where it becomes hazardous to our health. (12) That’s when you hear about
an ozone warning on the news. (13) To protect yourself from ozone exposure, you
should be aware of the Air Quality Index (AQI) in your area every day.
Gunakan Petunjuk A dalam
menjawab soal nomor 59 sampai nomor 60.
59. Which of the
following sentences is irrelevant?
(A) Sentence 5.
(B) Sentence 7.
(C) Sentence 8.
(D) Sentence 12.
(E) Sentence 13.
60. The paragraph
should end with ...
(A) These facts show
that ozone can be found in different layers of atmosphere.
(B) Thus, the position
of the ozone decides if it is consider advantageous or disadvantageous to
human.
(C) Since ozone is
dangerous, many pharmaceutical companies manufacture a variety of health
products.
(D) In conclusion, the
composition of ozone can either be beneficial or dangerous to our health.
(E) It is clear that
chemicals produced by human worsen the condition of ozone in the atmosphere.
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