I. The text below has incomplete sentences. Choose one
word or phrase from each number that best completes the sentences.
Attitude is an
opinion, belief of value judgement which is based on experience of shared
knowledge. (41)_____ dispositions either develop through direct experience or
are learned from others through socialization. The study of attitudes is
particularly important when (42) ______ stereotypes, bias, prejudice, and
survey material. With particular reference to attitudes about people, it is
important to recognize how often we display attitude towards new groups (43)
______, tough and cynical, without ever having met one. In this sense, the
process (45) _______ occurs, where an attitude extends from specific instances
within a category to include all members of that category.
Attitudes can be
said to have three main components: the cognitive of intellectual (the degree
to which we act out that which we know and feel). In this way, a football
supporter can have an extensive knowledge of his or her team’s history, a
liking of the game, and will have attended some fixtures. It is (46) _____
intellectual and affective qualities because they can usually be inferred only
from the behavioral component. (47) _____ often give replies which they think
conform to others’ expectation of them, and which are therefore socially
acceptable. In this way respondents to attitude tests may well provide contrive
answers (48) _____ this possibility may questionnaires ask seemingly indirect
questions, (49) ______ people will not realize the actual purpose of the test,
and (50) _____ ‘real’ and spontaneous answer.
Taken from
O’Sullivan, et al. (1994). Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies Routledge.
41. ...
A. These
B. Those
C. The
D. This
E. That
42. ....
A. they assess
B. to assess
C. assessed
D. having assessed
E. assessing
43. ....
A. with which
B. in that
C. which
D. for which
E. whom
44. ....
A. travelled well
B. well-travelled
C. travelling well
D. least-travelled
E. and travelled well
45. ....
A. generally
B. of generality
C. in generalizing
D. in general
E. of generalization
46. ....
A. descriptively difficult
B. difficult in describing
C. difficult to describe
D. difficult to describing
E. describing the difficulty of
47. ....
A. People face questionnaires when
B. Questionnaires people face
C. When people are faced with questionnaires
D. When faced with questionnaires, people
E. When people face questionnaires
48. ....
A. If because
B. In terms of
C. Despite
D. Although
E. Because of
49. ....
A. in the hope
B. the hope is that
C. with the hope that
D. in the hope that
E. that in the hope
50. ....
A. has therefore provided
B. are therefore provided that
C. will therefore provide
D. therefore providing
E. therefore will have provided
II. Study the text
and choose the best answer to the questions that follow.
In a unique study, researchers at Lund
University in Sweden have mapped the origins of migratory birds. They used the
results to investigate and discover major differences in the immune systems of
sedentary and migratory birds. The researchers conclude that migratory species
benefit from leaving tropical areas when it is time to raise their young—as
moving away from diseases in the tropics enables them to survive with a less
costly immune system.
Analysing the genealogy of over 1,300 song
bird species, passerines, enabled the researchers to establish that both
sedentary bird, which do not leave northern Europe in the winter, and migratory
birds, which breed in Europe but spend the winter close to the equator,
originate from Africa. The researchers then went on to study the immune system
in three different groups: sedentary birds in tropical Africa, European
sedentary birds, and migratory birds, Their findings show that African
sedentary birds have a more varied and extensive immune system than that of both
European sedentary birds and migratory birds.
Evolution has quite simply ensured that
bird species migrating to Europe were equipped with a much less variable immune
system, as Europe has far fewer diseases than the tropics. The African
sedentary species probably need a more advanced immune system to deal with the
recher flora of pathogens to which they are exposed. What really surprised the
researchers was that the immune system of migratory birds showed a similarly
low variation to that of European sedentary birds. After all, migratory birds
do not only need to resist diseases in Europe, but also during their migration
and in the tropics
To explain the surprising result, the
researchers purpose the idea that the costs associated with a strong and complex
immune system could be much higher than anyone previously thought. Examples of
these costs could be autoimmunity and other immune system diseases such as
chronic inflammation.
Despite the migratory birds having to deal
with pathogens both in Europe an tropical Africa, they have thus lost much of
the variation and complexity in their immune system compared to their African
ancestors, According to the researchers, this indicates that dealing with
pathogens is most difficult for the birds the first time they ate exposed to
them. For migratory birds, this happens in Europe where they raise their young
and there are not as many different pathogens.
One of the researchers explained that when
the migratory birds bred, they had moved away from many diseases and therefore
did not need an immune system that was equally varied. Another advantage was
that the risk of damage caused by the immune system dropped considerably if the immune system was less complex.
All vertebrates, including human beings,
have an immune system built up in a similar way to that of birds. The Lund
biologists therefore believe their findings could also be significant in a
broader perspective.
Adapted from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180410103507.htm
51. What is the topic of the text?
A. The diseases of migratory and sedentary birds
B. The complexity of the immune system of migratory birds
C. The origins of migratory and sedentary birds
D. How the immune system of birds responds to diseases
E. How the immune system of birds change as they migrate
52. How does the word “they” in line 1 refer to?
A. the origins
B. researchers
C. migratory birds
D. immune systems
E. major differences
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53. It is implied in paragraph two that
A. migratory birds tend to stay longer near the equator.
B. European an African sedentary birds are of the same
species.
C. Europe sedentary birds return to Africa to raise their
young.
D. European sedentary birds fly over the equator.
E. migratory birds live near the equator before they move
and breed.
54. The word “show” in line 9 could be best replaced by
which of the following?
A. view
B. appear
C. indicate
D. express
E. perform
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55. Which of the following is TRUE according of the text?
A. The migratory birds breeding in Europe come from the
equator.
B. The immune systems of African sedentary birds and
European sedentary birds are different.
C. African sedentary birds are exposed to less bacteria
D. Migratory birds need a more extensive immune system
when they breed.
E. Europe has a large number of flora pathogens.
56. The text states all of the following EXCEPT
A. the migratory birds have to cope with pathogens in two
regions
B. chronic inflammation is an example of the cost
associated to advanced immune system
C. the immune system of the ancestors of migratory birds
was more advance than that of the migratory birds
D. immune system diseases are more dangerous than
pathogens
E. migratory birds raise their offspring in a region with
fewer disease
57. Why does the author mention “what really surprised the
researchers” in lines 13-14?
A. To suggest that the researchers failed in achieving
their objectives
B. To hint that the researchers had predicated to findings
C. To emphasize that the research finding were quite
unexpected
D. To indicate that the findings were undesirable
E. To show that the researcher were happy with the
findings
*kata yang dimaksud berwarna kuning
58. The word “complex” in line 27 is closest in meaning to
A. mixed
B. rigid
C. deep
D. intricate
E. difficult
*kata yang dimaksud berwarna kuning
59. What can be inferred from the text?
A. People probably have different immune systems depending
on where they live.
B. The human immune system can be studied based on that of
birds.
C. Migratory birds can affect human immune system.
D. Human beings learn how to deal with diseases from
migratory birds.
E. People should migrate to boost their immune system.
60. Which two groups of birds have a similar immune
system?
A. Migratory bird and European sedentary birds
B. African sedentary birds and migratory birds
C. European sedentary bird and African
D. Migratory birds and their ancestors
E. European sedentary birds and the ancestors of the
migratory birds
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