I.
Study the text and choose the best answer to the question that follow.
It has been said that people can be judged
by the company they keep. New research from Michigan State University (MSU)
shows that what is true for the living is also true for the dead. The study,
published in the current issue of Nature Scientific Reports, shows that
postmortem microbiome - population of micro organisms that move in after death -
can provide crucial insights into the public health. Regardless of many factors
- sex, ethnicity, or even type of death - the microbiome is consistent and
distinct, depending on the number of days after death.
Based on the growing number of partnerships
between MSU forensic entomologists and medical examiners, the police and
medical communities are beginning to see the value this research can provide. A
case in point is the interdisciplinary research happening between MSU and the
Wayne Country Medical Examiner’s Office. The partnership initially began to
better understand the bugs and microbes present and what they can tell
investigators about the recently deceased. Just as the TV show says, the first
48 hours of an investigation are critical. The organisms found on a body can help estimate the
time of death.
According to Eric Benbow, MSU forensic
entomologist and microbial ecologist and study co-author, the microbial
stopwatch, as it has recently been called, is a telling timepiece that can
assist us in determining when someone died. It is comparable to a town with a
changing population: a company starts up, and an entire new population moves
in. In death, that microbial population is different after two days, and it
completely turns over again a few days later.
MSU’s kits and the collection protocol are
now being regularly used in death investigations. One noteworthy case involves
a mother who stored her two dead children in a freezer. The microbial data were
the first used to understand how the postmortem microbiome changes in unusual
circumstances of death and concealment, in this case when bodies were frozen.
The ever-growing dataset is painting a picture of the public health - of the
living - including many populations that are underserved and understudied by the
medical community.
For the first time, Michigan State
University is demonstrating that sampling the postmortem may have public health
surveillance importance like monitoring the diversity and frequency of
antibiotic resistant genes from the general population. Additionally, the
victim may have died of a drug overdose, but the research also revealed that the
microbes can show that the person suffered from a heart disease.
According to the study’s lead author
Jennifer Pencal, during the first 48 hours the samples that had been gathered
from a predominantly industrial urban population confirmed that microbial
biodiversity is a predictor of the host’s health conditions, such as heart
disease, when they were living. The researchers have demonstrated that this
microbiome could be an effective tool for assessing the health of living
populations.
Adapted
from https://www.scienedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180410103504.htm
41.
what is the text mainly about?
A.
Investigating deaths
B.
Organism living in dead bodies
C.
Solving crimes using bugs and microbes
D.
Estimating the time of death of the deceased
E.
Invaluable insight gathered from micro organisms of the dead
42.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A.
The police have yet to see the values of the research to be used in
investigations.
B.
The time of death can be estimated by examining organisms present in a body.
C.
Initially, the research only aimed to study organisms found in a body.
D.
The microbial stopwatch is used to analyze organisms found in a body.
E.
The microbial population in a dead body will remain the same after two days.
43.
What does the word “they” in line 9 refer to?
A.
bugs and microbes
B.
medical communities
C.
medical examiners
D.
etymologists
E.
investigators
*kata
yang dimaksud berwarna kuning
44.
The word “critical” in line 10 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A.
supportive
B.
unimportant
C.
worrying
D.
crucial
E.
beneficial
*kata
yang dimaksud berwarna kuning
45.
It is implied paragraph two that
A.
the police had used postmortem microbiome in their investigations before MSU
initiated their study.
B.
getting important information about the body can be difficult 48 hours after
the person dies.
C.
the TV show focuses on murder cases.
D.
the organisms present in a body can inform investigators the foods eaten when
the person was still alive.
E.
bugs and microbes living in a body feed on each other to survive.
46.
The text states all of the following EXCEPT
A.
postmortem microbiome may enable public health monitoring.
B.
the disease suffered by the dead can be determined from postmortem microbiome.
C.
the cause of death can be found from microbes present in a body.
D.
the microbes found in a body can be examined to predict the health condition
when the person was alive.
E.
the microbes found in a body can help determine the types of antibiotics taken
when the person was alive.
47.
Why does the author compare microbial population to a changing town population?
A.
To explain that a town population can change dramatically
B.
To compare death to the changing population of a town
C.
To illustrate the danger of postmortem microbiome two days after the time of
death
D.
To analogize the change of microbial population
E.
To give an example of the causes of dramatic population change
48.
The word “revealed” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
A.
exposed
B.
disclosed
C.
showed
D.
publicized
E.
discovered
*kata
yang dimaksud berwarna kuning
49.
Which of the following term is defined in the text?
A.
Postmortem microbiome
B.
Microbial stopwatch
C.
Microbial population
D.
Microbial diversity
E.
Dead bodies
50.
What can be inferred from the text?
A.
Organism found in a body are powerful tools for medical research.
B.
Postmortem microbiome has affected antibiotics prescribed for patience.
C.
The importance of postmortem microbiome can significantly increase.
D.
Information gathered from postmortem microbiome can help develop more effective
medicines.
E.
MSU’s kits and the collection protocol can help solve murder cases more
quickly.
II.
The text below has incomplete sentences. Choose one word of phrase from each
number that best competes the sentences.
Vinegar is the product of a two-stage
fermentation. In the first stage, yeasts (51) ____ into ethanol anaerobically,
while in the second ethanol is oxidized to acetic (ethanoic) acid aerobically
by bacteria of the genera Acetobacer and Gluconobacer. This (52)
____ a common mechanism of spoilage in alcoholic beverages and the discovery of
vinegar (53) ____ due to the observation that this product of spoilage could be
put to some good use as a flavoring and preservative. The name vinegar (54)
____ the French vin aigre for ‘sour wine’ and even today (55) ____
vinegar in a region usually reflect the local alcoholic beverage; (56) ____,
malt vinegar in the UK, wine vinegar in France, and rice vinegar in Japan.
In vinegar brewing, the alcoholic
substrate, (57) ____ vinegar stock, is produced using the same or very similar
processes to those used in alcoholic beverage production. Where (58) ____, they
stem largely from the vinegar brewer’s relative (59) _____ the flavor of the
intermediate and his concern to maximize conversion of sugar (60) ____ ethanol.
In the production of malt vinegar, for example, hops are not used and the wort
is not boiled so the activity of starch-degrading enzymes continues into the
fermentation.
Taken
from Adams and Moss. (2008). Food Microbiology 3rd edition.
Royal Society of Chemistry
51.
....
A.
converting sugars
B.
convert sugars
C.
converts sugars
D.
convert sugars
E.
is converting sugars
52.
....
A.
is the second process
B.
is secondly prosessed
C.
is the second process
D.
is the second process of
E.
second process is
53.
....
A.
was doubtful
B.
was in doubt
C.
were no doubt
D.
was doubtless
E.
were without doubt
54.
....
A.
is in fact deriving from
B.
is in fact from deriving
C.
is in fact derived from
D.
in fact derived from
E.
is deriving from fact
55.
....
A.
the most popular
B.
the most popular types
C.
most types of popular
D.
the most popular types of
E.
popular types of most
56.
....
A.
for example
B.
on the other had
C.
in short
D.
in addition
E.
on the contrary
57.
....
A.
to known
B.
known as
C.
to be known as
D.
it is known as
E.
as it is known
58.
....
A.
di differences occur
B.
different occurrences are
C.
are the different occurrences
D.
they occur differently
E.
differences occur
59.
....
A.
disinterest in
B.
disinterest with
C.
disinterested with
D.
disinterested in
E.
to disinterest
60.
....
A.
to
B.
from
C.
into
D.
on to
E.
upon
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